Drug abuse among health care professionals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2313 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Drug Abuse among Health Care Professionals Healthcare workers are among the top population for drug abuse. According to the American Medical Association, â€Å"The term ‘impaired is used to identify those members of the medical profession whose performance is adversely affected by drug abuse.†(AMA) Having an impaired heath care worker causes harm to not only them, but puts the client at a higher risk for death. Drug impaired health care workers jeopardize lives every day by working under the influence. This paper will discuss the following topics among health care professionals with drug abuse, the underlying factors, instances of harm related to drug abuse, the statistics of who abuses, and what to do if someone suspects abuse. This paper will in hope give a better view of how to lookout for substance abusers and how to help them admit they have a problem. Drug abuse in health care professionals is an ever growing epidemic. Healthcare workers are just as likely as any other human to use substances in a mann er not legal. There are many factors that persuade them into taking drugs. Drug abuse can be summarized into taking a medication without a prescription, taking more than the recommended prescribed dose, or the abuse of over the counter medications to the point of impairment. Due to the shortage of medical professionals such as nurses, the nurse to patient ratios are growing more and more as the baby boomers retire out. This is putting a substantial amount of work load on to the nurse and causing mistakes to increase. The shortage of nurses also has an increase in stress due to the amount of hours worked. Instead of the normal nurse working a 12 hour shift, it might be necessary to work a 24 hour shift to cover the shift of the night nurse that didnt come in. This increases the risk for abuse to try and stay awake or deal with the depression of not being able to go home. More nurses today are taking stimulants to stay awake to provide patient care. These stimulants put the nurse and patient at risk because of the unwanted side effects such as nervousness, being jittery or dizzy and causing seizures or respiratory depression if too much is consumed. â€Å"Substance abuse is the number one reason named by state boards of nursing for disciplinary action.†(Hrobak) In the state of Oklahoma, if a nurse is suspected of abuse, they must go before the state board in a court appearance, more than likely to have they license revoked, until otherwise proven efficient to work. Other factors to include are, a history of family drug abuse, history of domestic violence, and peer abuse, with many other factors. There a many instances when an impaired health care worker causes harm to the patient and themselves. They can put an entire hospital at risk without even realizing what they are doing. â€Å"A string of mysterious infections at a hospital from 1998 to 1999 were traced to a most unexpected source, doctors are reporting today: a respiratory therapist who is sus pected of having used a needle and syringe to steal a narcotic from the bags of intravenous medicine that were hanging by the bedsides of critically ill patients. The therapist is believed to have contaminated the medications while tapping into them.† (Grady) Bringing in an infection to a hospital can cause everyone grief and patients a higher hospital bill for trying to rid the infection if it doesnt overtake them first. When a health care worker is under the influence many different accidents can happen. Major threats to all healthcare workers are the risk of needle stick injuries. They can inflict a disease of the patient to themselves or pass it on to other patients if not careful with â€Å"dirty† needles they use. A major risk disease that is cautiously monitored in hospitals is AIDS, HIV, and Hepatitis. Without careful monitoring of used patient supplies, more infections can be passed throughout an entire hospital without even realizing. When someone is workin g under the influence, they lose control of the full power of the brain and accidents are more likely to occur. Drug abuse can happen to many other people other than nurses as well. Doctors are just as likely to do the same thing. The following is a medical malpractice case against a doctor. â€Å"A former doctor who admitted he was abusing prescription drugs agreed to settle the medical malpractice lawsuit against him in St. Louis County court this week. The patient, John W. Campbell, accused Michael Impey of putting a hole in his colon during a medical procedure in 2006. About a foot of Campbells colon was removed as a result of the injury. Impey, who lost his medical license soon after the incident because he was abusing pain pills, agreed to settle Tuesday for an undisclosed amount.† (Malik) Without thinking of the consequences of a little abuse, it can cause professionals to lose their license and perhaps never be able to practice again. This doctor might have not bee n aware of the harm he was causing until it was too late to do anything. By that time, most abusers try to cover up mistakes so attention is not brought to them. There are many different statistics used today to describe the amount of professionals relying on drugs to get through an average day of work. There are four major types of drug abuse, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, and inhalants. They can be broadened out into a bigger scope of legal and illegal drugs. Drugs are often times noted as illegal due to the fact that when the abuser deviates away from the proper use of the medication and takes it how they feel will get a better high. Herbal medicines are sometimes considered to be a drug, such as marijuana, but it has not been FDA approved so therefore takes on the name as an herb. This following is a study conducted using physicians, According to addictionsearch.com â€Å"In a study conducted by Cicala (2003) 8% to 12% of physicians were estimated to develop a substance abuse problem.†(Cicala) This could easily be described as they have a license to dispense almost any type of medication and the readily availability of drugs. Anesthesiologists, well known for putting patients under during surgical procedures, are among the top physicians that abuse drugs. They have access to some of the most powerful narcotics and gases that are available and legal to use. Some Dentists are also considered abusers do to the fact that they use nitrous oxide, laughing gas, during procedures, and often times huff it while alone to relax. Nitrous oxide is still considered a prescription because it has to have an order to use it and a license to buy or dispense it. The stress of taking care of another human being and being responsible for life or death choices is not a career for everyone, and they believe can be fixed by getting a high off of narcotics and other drugs. Occasional use of drugs in small dozes can eventually lead to the addiction of large quantities o f drugs several times a day to get the euphoria one is seeking. Nurses are an ever growing field with more than 2.9 million in todays society. The underlying factors associated with work stress and burn out are increasing with nurses. According to addictionsearch.com â€Å"Trinkoff and Storr (1998) conducted an investigation where substance use was studied among nurses. Thirty two percent of 4,438 respondents indicated some substance abuse.†(Tinkoff and Storr) Nurses are constantly working around narcotic and non-narcotic prescriptions on a daily basis. They are the ones who pass out routine medications to their clients and are responsible for the administration of those medications. Often times it has been noted that those sometimes prn (as needed) medications rarely make it to the clients mouth, but to the nurses. With easy access to medication rooms on the floor the nurse is working, it is easy for some nurses to be tempted to take a few extra pills or capsules and n ot note it otherwise. Since many healthcare workers take on the term as a professional, it is never expected for one to abuse substances. Society views health care workers as the ones that know everything about health and how to stay healthy, so it puts that extra stress of societys view onto their daily lives. According to The Journal of Oncology Nurses â€Å"One study reported that the prevalence of use for all substances among nurses was 32%. Compared with nurses in womens health, pediatrics, and general practice, emergency nurses were 3.5 times as likely to use marijuana or cocaine, oncology and administration nurses were twice as likely to engage in binge drinking, and psychiatric nurses were most likely to smoke.† (Tariman) Emergency nurses rate so high in abuse due to the substantial amount of stress that experience with trauma and death in the emergency room. When someone suspects drug abuse, the worst thing one could do is not report it to the administrator or charge nurse, following the chain of command. Most healthcare workers will first go through a series of denial, not wanting to admit they have a problem until they are convinced they need help. Sometimes it is hard to recognize an impaired healthcare worker because they know how to hide the signs and symptoms, although many professionals can still detect the signs of substance abuse. Some signs of drug abuse could be volunteering extra time to work, staying late, volunteering to pass out medications to a patient not belonging to the professional, wasting more drugs than previous workers, orders to the pharmacy for large quantities of narcotics, and isolation to a confines area just to name a few of more than hundred signs available. In todays society there are many programs available to help health professionals not abuse substances. According to an article by Straight Talk, â€Å"Many states have developed alternative treatment programs for nurses rather than immediately taking their license. Thirty-nine states developed programs to channel nurses into treatment and recovery, monitor their return to work, and protect their license.† (Tariman) Oklahoma is one of those thirty-nine states enrolled to help nurses. The Oklahoma Board of Nursing has recently started a new program entitled Peer Assistance. â€Å"The Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program (OPAP) is a voluntary, confidential program, which assists licensed nurses whose competency may be impaired due to substance abuse and/or chemical dependency. We provide a structured, voluntary program that facilitates a recovering nurses return to safe practice, thereby protecting the public.†(Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program) The Peer Assistance program directs individualized care focused to each participant as well as encouragement and support in hopes of persuading them into the right direction. The Oklahoma State Department of health has incorporated a program directed towards assistance as wel l. The program is entitled The Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (ODMHSAS). â€Å"Among these programs offerings are assessment and referral, detoxification, outpatient counseling, residential treatment, substance abuse education, transitional living, and aftercare services.† (Substance Abuse Services). They have a main target of prevention of drug abuse by giving classes to at risk abusers but can also help in the treatment of it. With all the help available to healthcare workers, substance abuse shouldnt be hid, it needs to be reported and brought to the abusers attention before things can add up and take a turn for the worse. Healthcare professionals are among the top population for drug abuse. Frequent drug screening and accurate drug counts are just two of the many ways to help control this rising problem. No one wants an impaired practitioner helping in there healing process. It is harmful for the professional and also the patient. Dru g impaired health care workers jeopardize lives every day by working under the influence. This major problem can be stopped by having someone speak up when they notice signs of abuse. Now days many programs are available if the abuser wishes to seek help in stopping the problem before it goes too far. This paper has discussed the following topics among health care professionals with drug abuse, the underlying factors, instances of harm related to drug abuse, the statistics of who abuses, and what to do if someone suspects abuse. In describing the signs to look for, different types of treatment available, and factors leading to substance abuse, it can be up to the everyday population to help recognize these people and help them get help before it puts loved ones lives and self lives at risk. Cicala, R.S. (2003). Substance abuse among physicians: What you need to know. Hospital Physician, 39(7), 39–46. https://www.addictionsearch.com/treatment_articles/article/substance -abuse-among-healthcare-professionals_49.html Denise, Grady. Outbreak of Hospital Infection Is Tied to Workers Drug Abuse. New York Times 16 May 2002, New York.: 16. Print. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/us/outbreak-of-hospital-infection-is-tied-to-worker-s-drug-abuse.html Hrobak, Mandy. Narcotic Use and Diversion in Nursing. University of Arizona College of Nursing. 06 January 2009. University of Arizona College of Nursing, Web. 3 Nov 2009. https://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu/articles/Fall%202002/hrobak.htm. Malik, Shezad. Dallas Fort Worth Injury Lawyer Blog. Medical Malpractice Trial Over Addicted Doctor Begins . Dallas Fort Worth Injury Lawyer Blog , 27 July 2009. Web. 4 Nov 2009. https://www.dallasfortworthinjurylawyer.com/2009/07/medical_malpractice_trial_over.html. Oklahoma Peer Assistance Program. Oklahoma Board of Nursing. 2008. OBN, Web. 28 Oct 2009. https://www.ok.gov/nursing/peer.html. Substance Abuse Services. ODMHSAS. 20008. Oklahoma, Web. 28 Oct 2009. https://www.odmhsas.org/subab.htm. Tariman, Joseph. Understand Substance Abuse in Nurses. 22.8 (2007): 18.EBSCOHOST TCHP, . Substance Abuse in Health Care Professionals. TCHP Education Consortium. 2006. TCHP Education Consortium, Web. 8 Nov 2009. https://www.tchpeducation.com/homestudies/generalinterest/substance_abuse/substanceabuse_webbook2009.pdf. Trinkoff, A.M., Storr, C.L. (1998). Substance use among nurses: Differences between specialties. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 581–585. https://www.addictionsearch.com/ treatment_articles/article/ substance-abuse-among-healthcare-professionals_49.html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug abuse among health care professionals" essay for you Create order

Sleep Deprivation and Reduction, Sleep Disorders, and the...

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The Great Gatsby Comparison Free Essays

Throughout the winding plots of love triangles in both The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises, Lady Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan play strikingly similar and diverse roles. While the two novels engage towards the same theme of the American Dream and the Lost Generation, they also follow drama induced romances around the two idolized women who create each main conflict. The many lovebirds that mindlessly trail their woman of their dreams eventually run into sticky situations and character fallout. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although this situation occurs in both The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises, the individualities and characteristics of Lady Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan differ in their own enchanting way. Daisy Buchanan from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Lady Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway are similar in the sense that they are both the main motives in each novel and mutually cheat on their partners, but also contrast in which Brett holds emasculation over the men in the story while Daisy remains more socially conservative. The building of the plot in both novels depends on the two main women who warp the lives of each character they come in contact with. In The Great Gatsby, Daisy is the main motive for Gatsby as he consistently does all he can to win her devotional love. Nick advises Gatsby to go away in order to avoid trouble with Myrtle’s death, but he refuses, as he â€Å"couldn’t possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do† (Fitzgerald 148). How to cite The Great Gatsby Comparison, Papers

Sixties Counterculture 10 Pg Proposal Essay Example For Students

Sixties Counterculture: 10 Pg Proposal Essay ? The sixties were turbulent times for America, both domestically and abroad. During thesixties America witnessed the assassination of a president, the assassination of a civil rightsleader, a ?conflict? in Vietnam, and a counterculture revolution among the youth. Thecounterculture would peacefully protest and rally against the government early on, but as thedecade progressed, the counterculture would split into various factions. Some of these splintergroups would carry out violent measures to make themselves, and there opinions, known. Whilethe violent actions were carried out by a strict minority, they attracted much attention from thepress. The purpose of this paper is to establish a connection between the peace movement andthe violence perpetrated by the counterculture. I feel that it is important that we find out how amovement that was peaceful in the beginning could end up being so violent. The fact thatAmericas youth could get caught up in such a frightening and violent situat ion should be ofconcern to all of us. The music, and music festivals, of the era are also worthy of consideration. Did the music contribute to the violence, or was it a just reflection of the turmoil felt during thesixties? In order to understand the violent groups and their connection with the counterculture, wefirst need to understand what the counterculture was. The sixties were full of groups which livedoutside of the norm, one of the earlier and most famous groups to form were the hippies. ?In1965, Herb Caen of the San Francisco Chronicle labeled these people ?hippies, as if they wereapprentice hipsters. The young insurgents called themselves ?freaks or ?heads, and they calledtheir ?here and now revolution a counterculture.? The hippies were into living a communal life,a life of peace and tranquility and they were blowing the worlds mind. According to Stern, ?Thedazzling thing about them was that they were so happy. They did not reject the perkiness thatsuffused the early sixti es. They smiled and danced and got high and loved everybody. Theywore flowers in their hair and painted their bodies like freaky Easter eggs. Their program for abetter world was one where everyone was mellow.? The hippies embraced music and drug, especially marijuana and LSD. The hippies feltthat LSD would help free their mind, and they embraced the effects of the drug. Burton Wolf, acontemporary of the hippie scene, wrote, ?Several times, I saw barefoot hippie girls in a big pileof dog excrement, calmly walk to the curb, and scrape it off like you would from your shoe, ?Iused to worry about things like that before I took LSD, one of them told me. ?Now my mind hasopened, and I see that its all part of life: dirt, feces everything. Feces are groovy.? The hippieswere peaceful people who were trying to make the world better, this, however, would change. Alarge portion of the hippies would be brought into radical groups and unknowingly be turnedtowards violence. 1967 marked a change in the way of protesting. ?After 1967, countercultural activistsfollowed two major paths: the revolutionary ?magic politics of the Yippies, and the ?here andnow revolution of rural communes.? The break from the hippies way of thinking is in part dueto the ineffectiveness of their ?here and now? revolution. They were tired of peaceful protests asthe means to their end and they were sick of the interminable theorizing of the New Left. Theywanted results. The Yippies (an acronym for the Youth International Party),?. . .were conceivedby Abbie Hoffman, Paul Krassner, Dick Gregory, Jerry Rubin and friends on New Years Eve in1967 to coax, goose, entice and dazzle thousands of freaks to Chicago for the August DemocraticConvention, create there a ?Festival of Life against the ?Convention of Death, a ?blending of potand politics. . . a cross-fertilization of hippie and New Left philosophies.? The Yippies were a radical group, a group that wanted to shake up all of the ?str aight?people. Be it the way they looked or the way they spoke, they wanted to challenge theestablishment. Jerry Rubin describes the prototypical Yippie, ?a street fighting freek, a dropout,who carries a gun at his hip. So ugly that middle class society is frightened by how he looks. Alonghaired, bearded, crazy mother*censored*er whose life is theater, every moment creating a newsociety as he destroys the old.? Yippies favorite way to alienate the majority culture was bysaying ?*censored*.? Rubin explained the power of profanity by complaining that the establishment hastaken all the good words and destroyed them. ?Love, how can I say, ?I love you after hearing?Cars love Shell? Fuck is the solution. Its the last word in left in the English language. Amerika cannot destroy it because she dare not use it. Its illegal! Fuck is a dirty word becauseyou have to be naked to do it. Its also fun.? At the ?68 Democratic Convention, the Yippies put forth a plan, they were egging on?Chicago with threats, such as slipping LSD into the cities water supply, setting off smokebombs in the convention hall, having sex in the parks and on the beaches, releasing greased pigsin the hotels, drugging the food of the delegates, etc..? Most of these threats were hollow, butthey did carry out the smaller actions, such as the smoke and stink bombs, and the spreading offeces on the floors of hotels. The Yippies received the response they wanted, the city delayed,and refused permits to the Yippies and other groups, and ?Mayor Daley had the entire 12,000man police force working in twelve hour shifts, five to six thousand National Guardsmen weremobilized and put through special training with simulated longhair rioters. A thousand FBIagents were said to be deployed within the city limits, along with innumerable employees ofmilitary intelligence. Six thousand U.S. Army troops, including units of the crack 101st Airborne,equipped with flamethrowers, bazookas, and bayonets, were stationed in the s uburbs.? Theactions of the Yippies and the response by Mayor Daly and Chicago set the tone for what was tocome.. While out on recruiting trips, Dave Dellinger, a member of the editorial board forLiberation magazine, wrote, ?. . .the two questions I was always asked were: (1) Is there anychance that the police wont create a bloodbath? (2) Are you sure that Tom and Rennie dontwant one Tom Hayden, the founder of the SDS, wanted exactly that, a bloodbath. DavidHorowitz explains why, ?One of the conspirators, Jerry Rubin, admitted a decade later that theorganizers had lured activists to Chicago hoping to create the riot that eventually took place. Thisfit with the general strategy Hayden had laid out in private discussions with me. When peoplesheads are cracked by police, he said more than once, it radicalizes them. The trick was tomaneuver the idealistic and unsuspecting into situations that would achieve this result.? The move worked, ?After the convention, tens of thousands of applications for membershippoured into the ramshackle building on the West Side of Chicago that served as national SDShea dquarters.? With a dozen activist in 1962, the SDS grew to over 8000 members at itsheight in 1968. The SDS, or Students for a Democratic Society, also became very active at this point. They were a leftist student organization, an offshoot of the Student League for IndustrialDemocracy. The SLID was a socialist organization that dated back to 1905, after dying out in thefifties, it was reconstituted in 1959 and then renamed the SDS in 1960. The SDS of the earlysixties were using civil disobedience, sit-ins for civil rights, demonstrations at the nations capitalthat questioned military spending. As the sixties wore on the SDS began entertaining ideas ofviolence and became infatuated with the Black Panthers. Both the SDS and the Panther felt aconnection with the third world revolutionary movements that were against Americanimperialism. While the SDS deteriorated, the most militant and destructive movement of thecounterculture emerged, the Weatherman, which later became the Weather Under ground. Roszak laments that while he is against such groups, the counterculture stands for letting peoplemake their own decisions, and take their own actions, no matter how muddled or ill-conceivedthey may be. The New Left by what they stood for could not turn away militant members. While the Weather Underground was known for causing general chaos, ie. fighting, disruptingbusinesses, breaking windows and the such, they were better known for their terrorist actions. Between September 1969 and May 1970, the Weather Underground could be linked to at least250 major bombing attempts, and according to government figures the number could be as manyas six times as great. On August 24, 1970, the Weather Underground planted a bomb in thearmys mathematic lab at the University of Wisconsin. The bomb ended up killing a graduatestudent who was working late. Roszak feels that the tendency towards violence was not due tothe counterculture, but instead due to the extremist Black Powerites, he felt t hat the factions ofthe counterculture were romanticizing the black militants guerrilla warfare. Wellness plan EssayI have not yet been able to find interviews with Abbie Hoffman or Jerry Rubin as I hadhoped, but I plan to continue searching for them. I would also like to read more into the historyof the militant groups, such as The Black Panthers and the Weather Underground. My fatherwent to high school with a member of the Weather Underground who was involved in some ofthe bombings that took place, I intend on locating her and interviewing her to find out what kindof influences caused them to become violent. Bibliography?BibliographyBessman, Jim. ?Rhino Compilation Recalls Monterey Fest? Billboard. vol. 104 August 29, 1992. 10-12. Bromell, Nicholas. ?Both Sides of Bob Dylan; Public Memory, the Sixties, and the Politics ofMeaning,? Tikkun (July-August 1995): 13-21. Burner, David. Making Peace With The 60s. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996. Thisbook allows the reader easily find out about radical movements of the sixties. It tracesthe path of the movement of the silent majority and the counterculture. Collier, Peter and Horowitz, David. Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties. New York: Summit Books, 1989. This book provides valuable information on theextreme radical parties, Horowitz was a member of various factions and helps the readerto understand the mind frame of the people at the time. One also needs to keep in mindthat Horowitz is now a right wing believer, so his views may be biased. Diggins, John P. The American Left in the Twentieth Century. New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich, Inc., 1973. Diggins provides an up close look at the history of the Leftistmovement throughout the 20th century. Dowling, Claudia. ?Kent State,? Life (May 1990): 137-143. Farrell, James. Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism. New York: Routledge, 1997. I have used the extensive bibliography in this book to help find additional sources. Farrell also investigates the counterculture lifestyle in a thoughtful and effective manner. Foner, Philip S. The Black Panthers Speak. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1970. The Black Panthers Speak tells the Panther story in their own words, it tells you theirbeliefs and their actions from their point of view. Garofalo, Reebee. Rockin the Boat: Mass Music ; Mass Movements. Boston: South End Press, 1992. Traces the path of music in revolution, does not cover sixties very well, makes thisa weak source. Ginsberg, Allen. ?Testimony of Allen Ginsberg in Chicago Seven Trial?www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Chicago7/Ginsberg.html. This allows thereader to better understand the riots at the 68 Convention. Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. Shows how the media helpedshape the counterculture, and how they were viewedGitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. New York: Bantam Books, 1987. Thisbook provides vast information on the sixties, Gitlin focuses on all of the factionsthroughout the decade. His views seem unbiased, and he provides a number of footnotesand sources. Harrison, Benjamin T. ?Roots of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement,? Studies in Conflict andTerrorism (April-June 1993): 99-110. Hayden, Tom. Trial. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1970. Herman, Ellen. ?Being and Doing: Humanistic Psychology and the Spirit of the 1960.? In BarbraL. Tischler, ed., Sights on the Sixties New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press,1992. Hoffman, Abbie. Revolution for the Hell of It. New York: Dial Press, 1968. Steal This Book. Worcester, Mass: Jack Hoffman Presents, n.d. . ?Abbie Hoffman on the Chicago 7.? Woodstock 69 Program Guide. A printing of Hoffman on riots/conspiracy to riot taken from the Woodstock Program. ?Testimony of Abbie Hoffman in Chicago Seven Trial?www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Chicago7/Hoffman.html. This allows thereader to better understand the riots at the 68 Convention. Hopkins, Jerry. No One Here Gets Out Alive. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1997. JerryHopkins provides a look into the life of Jim Morrison, in this look he demonstrates thepower that music holds over the people. Horowitz, David. Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey. New York: Free Press, 1997. Horowitz, David. ?Scenes From the 60s: One Radicals Story,? The American Enterprise (May-June 1997): 28-37. In this article, Horowitz discusses some of the more controversialevents of the sixties, he discusses the Chicago riots, the Black Panthers, and more. Thisarticle provides a look into the radical movement not normally seen. Must be read withcaution, Horowitz may be biased. Kimball, ?The Project of Rejuvenilization,? New Criterion (May 1998): 4-12. Kuwahara, Yasue. ?Apocalypse Now!: Jim Morrisons Vision of America,? Popular Music andSociety (Summer 1992): 55-67. Maratta, Pete. Counter Culture. New York: Topper Books, 1989. McClellan, Grant S. American Youth in a Changing Culture. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1972. Morrison, Jim. ?Five to One.? Waiting for the Sun LP. Released July, 1968. Morrison, Jim. ?Peace Frog.? Morrison Hotel LP. Released 1970. Morrison, Jim. ?Five to One.? Without a Safety Net-The Doors Box Set, Track #1. Recorded1969, Released 1998. Pratt, Ray. Rhythm and Resistance: Explorations in the Political Uses of Popular Music. NewYork: Praeger, 1990. Prochnicky, Jerry and Riordan, James. Break on Through: The Life and Death of Jim Morrison. New York: Quill, 1991. Roszak, Theodor. The Making of a Counterculture: Reflections of the Technocratic Society and its Youthful Opposition. New York: Double Day, 1969. Roszak provide a definitive lookat the counterculture and that it came to be. Doesnt include black parties as part of thecounterculture though, keep that in mind. Rubin, Jerry. Do It; Scenarios of the Revolution. New York: Schocken Books, 1970. Sargent, Lyman T. New Left Thought: An Introduction. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1972. Stern, Jane and Stern Michael. Sixties People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. Jane andMichael Stern give brief looks into the movements of the sixties. They cover everythingfrom pop culture to counterculture and try explain what exactly was happening inAmerica at the time. Stoper, Emily. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee: The Growth of Radicalism in the Civil Rights Organization. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson, 1989. Szatmary, David P. Rockin in Time: A Social History of Rock and Roll. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall, 1991Thompson, Hunter S. Hells Angels: A strange and Terrible Saga. New York, New York:Random House, 1966. Tillinghast, Richard. ?The Grateful Dead: Questions of Survival,? Michigan Quarterly Review (Fall 1991): 686-700. Voirst, Milton. Fire in the Streets: America in the 1960s. New York, New York: Simon andSchuster, 1980. History Essays

The Effect of Sex Appeal on Commercials

Introduction The contemporary business world is complex and characterized by a lot of attributes all aimed at achieving success in the business operations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effect of Sex Appeal on Commercials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competition is a major concern in business and business organizations have to engage in strategic measures to ensure that they attain a competitive advantage in relation to other business enterprises especially those that are involved in production and sale of similar products and services. Advertisement is one effective strategy that is deemed to play a great role in enhancing an organization’s productivity and profitability through boosting the sales level. There are different ways through which advertisement can be carried out depending on the results desired and the effectiveness of a given advertising method. The use of sexual appeal is one method. It entails the use of erotic or sexual imagery in advertising with an aim of drawing attention and interest to a particular product or service to enhance its sales (Loyalty Customers, 2010). Although a sexual imagery such as a beautiful woman could be used, in most cases, it does not have any connection to the product being advertised. It is usually meant to attract the attention of the potential consumers (Harker, 1998).This piece of work gives an in depth discussion of the effect of sex appeal on commercials. This will be achieved through conducting of a comprehensive study using various research methodologies and analysis strategies. Methods There are various methods that are available for utilization by researchers while carrying out their studies. Some are effective for use in some contexts while others can only be used in specific settings. For instance, in cases where the study population is relatively high, there is usually a need to have some sampling techniqu es. The sample chosen should however be as representative as possible to allow for the attainment of effective results. For the purpose of this assignment, different forms of business organizations will be selected to make a representative sample. Different leaders will be supplied with questionnaires and some engaged in interview sessions where questions that are deemed important in gaining some insight into the topic of discussion will be asked. The questions will be structured in such a manner that the researcher is able to probe adequate information related to the research questions.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participants or units of analysis Participants or units of analysis are crucial in any research study. This is because they provide a researcher with the needed information. The information could be deduced through different means for instance interview quest ions or questionnaires as well as observation where the researcher is actively involved and captures all cues that could in one way or the other add value to the research findings. This study will be restricted to business organizations that rely on commercials as a way of increasing their sales as well as media houses that are involved in airing the commercials. The main participants in the study will be leaders or heads of various departments for instance sales department in the selected business organizations and media houses. These leaders will be helpful in provision of the necessary information which will help in understanding the situation in the business arena. Twelve business organizations will be studied; six of them will be large organizations while six will be of medium size. Setting and materials Setting and materials are critical elements in any research study. They help in the understanding and obtaining of appropriate information capable of solving the particular res earch problem(s). Setting entails the location or the atmosphere in which the research is carried out. Different setting facilitate research in different ways and hence the need to select an appropriate setting in order to obtain effective results. On the other hand, materials entail all the essentials that are required to carry out a given research. It could entail various information materials and other supplies needed. Various stationery will be required for instance those used in conducting the survey study and interviews. Tape and video tapes machines and recorders will be useful in the interview sections. Procedures A procedure entails a systematic and methodological manner in which research is carried out. There are different procedures that could be applied in a given research study depending on how efficient and effective they are deemed to be. Whatever the case, the procedures should allow the researcher to attain appropriate results that will help in answering the researc h questions as well as ascertaining the research hypothesis. A survey will be carried where different data collection methods will be used especially questionnaires and interviews. The mixed method approach to research will be the most appropriate way to evaluate the situation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effect of Sex Appeal on Commercials specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The qualitative research will be used to establish the organizations’ viewpoint and assessment of the impact of the sex appeal concept on commercials and how it affects advertisement and business in general. This will be done through a quantitative questionnaire based on a Likert scale. The questionnaire will be implemented to establish the effectiveness of sex appeal in enhancing sales. To allow provision of appropriate information by the respondents, they will be acknowledged that their information will be kept confid ential throughout the entire research process. Open ended questions will be useful in data collection in this study. This method of data collection will be very helpful in collecting qualitative data from the selected sample of the population. However, this will be done with a lot of care to avoid any negative feedback. The respondents in this case may be tempted to exaggerate the information they give to favor their companies or else show how successful they have been. Questionnaires will be developed based on assumptions of successful literature on the effect of sex appeal on commercials. The assumptions in the research study will be based on the fact that sex appeal enhances commercials and business at large through attracting more potential customers who later become loyal customers to the particular products and services. There will also be some interviews. All the interviews will be conducted by graduate research assistants with most of the interviews being conducted in person so as to get hold of all cues, even the nonverbal ones. Data collection through interview will be conducted through face to face interviews with the respondents. This is where the respondents will be asked questions by the interviewer. In this case, the interviewer will ask questions to the respondents and then record what they respond. While conducting these interviews, a random sample will be selected from the entire population. This will help in overcoming the problem of data biasness. Design Research design is considered to be an incredibly crucial element in carrying out any form of research irrespective of the scope or context. It entails the structure of enquiry or how that various information and data needed for the research study is to be gathered.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any data collection method could be used in any research design. For the sake of this study, a combination of descriptive and explanatory research designs will be used and different data collection methods will be used, as mentioned earlier. The research design is aimed at minimizing the chance of having incorrect inferences from data. Dependent variables In any given research, there exist both dependent as well as independent variables. A variable is a unit that is measurable. A dependent variable is something or a unit that largely depends on other factors while an independent variable is a variable that stands on its own, that is, it is not in any way affected by other factors or variables that are measured in a research study. The variables consist of the measurable or what is being coded. For the case of this research the commercials or business adverts are the dependent variables as their effectiveness are influenced by various factors such as the elements used in the adverts. The sex appeal or imagery could be considered as independent variables since they are the ones affecting the commercials. Results It is after carrying out a research study that some results are attained. The results help in answering the research questions as well as identifying some gaps present in a particular line of study. This therefore assists in the provision of the way forward or else some recommendations that ought to be taken in order to either solve an existing problem or save a situation. In this section, the type of data analysis used in the research is illustrated and the rationale for statistical procedures given. The researcher also provides the reader with the major findings that are associated with dependent variable (s). It is after the data collection that the researcher will embark on data analysis. There are several methods which will be applied in data analysis. This analysis will include a precise documentation of the field data. The researcher will collect data from various sources. This data will then be compiled and compared. It is therefore advisable for the researcher to ensure that the data collected is precise. The data collected from interviews and reports will be examined at this stage. In this process, certain patterns will be identified as well as connections and similarities. This analysis will also identify any deviation from what is expected. This way, the researcher will be able to identify some critical areas which need some adjustments. Some of the findings that were obtained in regard to the effect of sex appeal on commercials include the following. Advertisers use the spiritual, emotional and biological aspects of sexuality to attract customers. The concept is sold along with a product. Despite the fact that the use of female models and imagery is believed to attract potential male consumers, this research study has shown that a majority of purchases are made by women. This therefore shows that although sex appeal ar ouses some emotions, it does not influence purchase decision much (Reichert, 2007). Sex appeal works through playing upon the biological needs of individuals and instincts. The concept of sex appeal has gained a lot of application in today’s advertisements. Through incorporation of sex appeal in the advertisements, the different business organizations that were selected for this study showed some slight improvements in productivity and profitability through increased sales. It was however difficult to ascertain the exact functioning of the sex appeal. The appeal has short term success through immediate attraction, particularly among males, which may not necessarily influence the purchasing actions (Waller, 1999). Discussion After attaining results from the study through the participants and units, it is necessary to have an in depth discussion in an effort to bring together all the gained information and insight in line. This will allow for coming up with effective inferences and conclusions that are necessary to improve current situations or even advocate for some way forward in regard to the topic of research. Some of the findings that were gathered through the study include; Sex appeal works through playing upon the biological needs of individuals and instincts, advertisers use the spiritual, emotional and biological aspects of sexuality to attract customers and that a majority of purchases fuelled by sex appeal are made by women, among others. The findings are quite important since they offer alternate explanations to all the concepts that surround the issue of sex appeal and its use as an advertisement element. Despite the fact that the research study has offered us with relevant information with regard to sex appeal and its effect on commercials, it is also have some limitation. This includes concentration on the positive attributes associated with sex appeal as an element of advertisement. However, the effectiveness of sex appeal on commercials i s questionable. This is because despite the fact that sex appeal plays a great role in attracting potential customers, it only brings about short term success and in most cases, it does not influence the consumers’ buying decisions and actions. The effectiveness also depends on a particular product for instance, cosmetic and beauty products could be favored by the use of sex appeal. This is due to the fact that there is a close connection between the products and sexuality (Severn and Belch, 1990). As a result of the limitations and the desire to have a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sex appeal and its effect on commercials, the researcher ought to come up with strategic measures through which the study should be improved. Among the recommendations is the combination of different appeals, for instance, having some erotic and factual attributes of a product. From the above discussion, it is evident that sex appeal is a critical aspect in today’s commercia ls. It is a concept that have gained a lot of application as people tend to associate themselves with some sexual imagery and this way, they get to purchase the products and services that are linked with the imagery through advertisement (Serendip, 2008). Reference List Harker, D. (1998). Achieving Acceptable Advertising. International marketing review, 15,101-118. Loyalty Customers. (2010). Sex Appeal as a Promotion Strategy. Retrieved from http://loyaltyandcustomers.com/2010/03/sex-appeal-as-a-promotion-strategy/ Reichert, T. (2007). Does Sex in Advertising Work?: A Review of Scholarly Research Informed by Professional Opinion. Advertising Society Review Vol. 8, No. 2. Serendip (2008). Sex and Advertising: An â€Å"Organic† Experience. Web. Severn, J,E.G. and Belch, A.M. (1990).The Effects of Sexual and Non-Sexual Advertising Appeals and Information Level on Cognitive Processing and Communication Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Vol. 19, No. 1 pp. 14-22. Waller, S.(1 999). Attitudes towards Offensive Advertising. Journal of consumer marketing.16, 288- 294. This research paper on The Effect of Sex Appeal on Commercials was written and submitted by user Gwyneth Cherry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Looking for Black Holes in Out-Of-The-Way Galaxies

Looking for Black Holes in Out-Of-The-Way Galaxies Black holes are strange beasts in the cosmic zoo. They come in two types: stellar and supermassive. Its now well known that most galaxies have many stellar-mass black holes scattered throughout. Theyre usually created by the deaths of stars in supernova explosions. Theyre sometimes found in binary systems, where a black hole and a white dwarf or some other type of star are doing an orbital dance with each other. An artists conception of a stellar-mass black hole (in blue) hat likely formed when a supermassive star collapsed, feeding from material ejected by a nearby star. ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel) Meet the Behemoths The largest black holes, the supermassives, are tucked away in the hearts of galaxies and contain the mass of millions or billions of stars. They spend at least some of their time chowing down on material in their immediate neighborhoods. Most of the supermassive black holes astronomers know about are tucked away  in galaxies that themselves are bundled together in clusters. The largest one found so far has the mass of 21 billion suns and holds court in the core of a galaxy in the Coma Cluster. Coma is a huge conglomeration that lies 336 million light-years away from the Milky Way galaxy. The heart of the Coma Cluster of galaxies; one of the galaxies contains the most massive black hole ever found. This HST image reveals galaxies and globular clusters associated with the core of the cluster. NASA/ESA/STScI That wasnt the only big one out there. Astronomers also found a 17-billion-solar-mass black hole hunkered down in the core of a galaxy called NGC 1600, which itself is in a cosmic backwater where only about 20 galaxies exist. Since most of the really big black holes live in the big cities (that is, in well-populated galaxy clusters) finding this one out in the galactic sticks tells astronomers that something strange had to have happened to create it in its current galaxy. Merging Galaxies and Black Hole Build-ups So, how does a monster black hole get stashed away in a small-town galaxy cluster? One possible explanation is that it merged with another black hole at some point in the distant past. Early in the history of the universe, galaxy interactions were much more common, building ever-larger ones from smaller ones. Galaxy collisions contribute to the formation of supermassive black holes. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows a collision called the Antennae. During the course of the collision, billions of stars will be formed and any central black holes in each of the colliding galaxies can merge to form ever-larger monsters. NASA/ESA.STScI When two galaxies merge, not only do their stars and gas and dust mingle, but their central black holes (if they have them, and most galaxies do) migrate to the core of the newly formed, more massive galaxy. There, they orbit each other, becoming whats called a binary black hole. Any stars or clouds of gas and dust are in double jeopardy from the gravitational pull of these black holes. However, this material can actually steal momentum from the black holes (provided it doesnt fall right into them). When that happens, the stars escape, leaving the black holes with less momentum. They start to move closer together, and eventually, they merge to create a behemoth black hole. It continues to grow by gobbling up gas funneled to the core throughout the collision. Growing a Massive Black Hole So, how did NGC 1600s black hole get so massive? The most likely explanation is that it was extremely hungry at one point in its early life, leading it to suck in lots of gas and other material. That huge appetite may explain also why the host galaxy is in such a small cluster, compared to other supermassive black holes in galaxies in the hearts of much larger clusters. NGC 1600 is the largest, most massive galaxy in its group. Its also three times brighter than any of the other nearby galaxies. That huge difference in brightness is not something astronomers have seen in other groups. Most of the galaxys gas was consumed long ago when the black hole blazed as a brilliant quasar from material streaming into it that was heated into glowing plasma. In modern times, NGC 1600s central black hole is relatively quiet. In fact, astronomers called it a sleeping giant. That explains why it hadnt been detected in earlier studies of the galaxy. Astronomers stumbled across this massive monster when they were measuring the velocities of nearby stars. The intense gravitational field of the black hole affects the motions and speeds of stars. Once astronomers were able to measure those speeds, they could then determine the black holes mass. How Do Astronomers Even Find a Black Hole? Astronomers used special instruments at the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii to study the light coming from the stars near the black hole in NGC 1600. Some of those stars are circling the black hole, and that motion shows up in the starlights fingerprint (called its spectrum). Other stars had motions that seem to suggest that they had once ventured a bit too close to the black hole and were gravitationally flung away in a more-or-less straight line from the galaxy core. This makes sense since Hubble Space Telescope data also showed the core to be very faint. Youd expect that if the black hole were tossing stars away from itself. Its possible that NGC 1600s core has ejected enough stars to make 40 billion suns. That tells astronomers theres a pretty powerful and massive black hole hidden away at the heart of this galaxy, which lies some 209 million light-years from Earth. Instruments attached to Gemini Observatory can be used to study the fingerprints of light streaming away from the regions around black holes such as that in NGC 1600. Gemini Observatory Key Takeaways Black holes exist throughout many galaxies. The cores of spirals and ellipticals usually contain supermassive black holes.The elliptical galaxy NGC 1600 has a fairly massive black hole at its heart.Astronomers are working to understand why this galaxy has such a massive black hole. Sources â€Å"A View of the Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1600.†Ã‚  HubbleSite - The Telescope - Hubble Essentials - About Edwin Hubble, hubblesite.org/image/3723/news.Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"What Is a Black Hole?†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 21 May 2015, www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html.NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes.

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Homework - Coursework Example The movement called for the formation of a sub treasury, land reform, currency reform, and the empowerment of the common people. The movement advocated for anti-elitist opposition in confronting mainstream parties and established interest. Eugene V. Debs was instrumental in leading the workers revolt in Pullman town. Debs was influential in forming the American Railway Union-ARU, which included unskilled and skilled workers into one organization (Roark et al 413). Through his leadership of the ARU, he intended at assisting the striking workers of Pullman in their struggle. His action to spearhead the Pullman strike ensured that he boycotted the court’s injunction and this eventually saw him incarcerated while the striking workers quest got defeated by the government in collusion with the industrialists. America’s war with Spain was prompted by a moral outcry over the Spanish colonial regime’s treatment of Cuban revolutionaries who had launched a fight for independence. The war against Spain appears to have been fraud fuelled by yellow journalism that arose from newspaper competition between Joseph Pulitzer’s ‘world’ and William Randolph Hearst’s ‘journal’ (Roark et al 486). Further pressure from expansionists who had business interests in Cuba as well as Asia contributed to the

Internets Impact on Location of Global Firms Assignment

Internets Impact on Location of Global Firms - Assignment Example The problem touches on key issues - globalisation and the Internet - that confront managements of several firms, challenging them to discover how to make the Internet a part of global strategy. What is globalisation and global strategy Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2000, p. xvi) called globalisation "the most important economic, political, and cultural phenomenon of our time" characterised by the "integration of the world economy, reshaping business and reordering the lives of individuals, creating social classes, different jobs, unimaginable wealth and, occasionally, wretched poverty." Stiglitz (2002, p. 9) defined global strategy as "the way firms cope with integration of countries and peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of transportation and communication costs, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders." In other words, a global strategy is a set of objectives that help a firm deal with globalisation, e.g., what goods to sell to world markets, how to sell these goods, and how to transport these goods from where they are produced to where they are consumed. Globalisation affects firms that sell products like autos and appliances, and service firms in banking and retailing. Porter's Diamond Porter's Diamond refers to a framework (Porter, 1990) that a nation or economy can use to analyse and develop its competitive advantage, a concept he explains (Porter, 1985) as the added benefit that a firm's product or service has over that of its competitors so that customers buy from the firm instead of from its competitors. Porter (1985, p. 3) enumerates three basic types of competitive advantage: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. A firm attains the first through economies of scale and cost minimisation; the second through brand image, technology, product features, service and support quality; and the third by supplying a particular market or niche very well. Applied to nations, the diamond-shaped framework is a map - of what Porter calls Competitive National Advantage - which consists of four determinants that we describe and show in Figure 1: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry (1990, p. 72). [Insert Figure 1 here] These determinants are broad attributes existing in a country that shape the environment in which local firms compete and that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. They indicate why a nation is globally successful in a particular industry. He cites examples of how competitive national advantage promoted the success of industry clusters in printing equipment in Germany, pharmaceuticals in Switzerland, home appliances in Italy, and robotics in Japan. Porter's thesis is that each country has a unique set of conditions that enable local firms to compete successfully in the global marketplace. Porter states that the diamond is a system (1990, p. 144), with each determinant affecting the others in a dynamic way, either building up or destroying the competitiveness of firms and affecting their ability to compete globally. Yip's Drivers Firms need to develop global strategies and implement

Echo Planar Imaging, or EPI, Fast Imaging Techniques (MRI) Essay

Echo Planar Imaging, or EPI, Fast Imaging Techniques (MRI) - Essay Example EPI is fast because it uses single excitation of a slice followed by the continuous readout through the k-space using GRE pulse sequence (Delbeke, Martin, Patton and Sandler, 2002). After the RF excitation MR imaging mostly depends upon the formation of echo at some point. Spin echo (SE) sequences are the most former MR sequences (in fact earlier to imaging) (Westbrook, 2009). EPI is called blip because between echoes phase blip causes change in Ky and a new line is sampled. In EPI each gradient refocused echo contributes one line in k-space. The positive and negative read gradients change the direction in which the line is read. In contemporary MR system that are capable of EPI, the fast varying magnetic field linked with the shifting of the magnetic field gradients is capable to produce currents within tissue, which may exceed the nerve depolarization threshold and cause peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). However, the chance of cardiac muscle stimulation also exists, as a result p resenting an artifact (Delbeke, Martin, Patton and Sandler, 2002). From the research on animals it can be suggested that stimulation of respiratory system takes place at exposure levels of the order of 3 times that necessary for PNS, while cardiac stimulation requires 80 times the PNS threshold. The probability of occurring PNS is mostly in EPI. Particularly one has to be cautious of 2 situations: (a) Whilst sloping slices are utilized and it is probable to have a greater slew rate through adding the contributions from two or three sets of gradient coils. (b) For coronal or segittal EPI where the possible current loops in the torso are greatest when the read gradient is in the head-tool direction. In general, dB/dt is monitored through the scanner and lead to the likelihood of stimulation (Delbeke, Martin, Patton and Sandler, 2002). Spin Echo EPI The most commonly used sequence is known as spin echo. It is characterized by the initial application of a radio-frequency pulse of 90 deg rees, followed by one more in front of 180 degrees, then double the time between these two pulses a signal or echo from stimulated tissue is successively applied with several pulse sequences of 90 and 180 degrees, each of which produces an echo which will form the radio wave which provides molecular information. In carefully constructed sequences extra slices are excited while waiting for T1 recovery, so one phase encoding step is acquired for several slices during TR (Weishaupt, Koechli and Marincek, 2008). In a spin echo sequence, the phase encoding changes amplitude every TR. This is to give each echo the correct 'kick' to place it on the right line. You can think of it like a soccer ball tied to a piece of elastic. You need a hefty kick to move it to the outer edges of k-space (large phase encoding gradient), and a little kick for a line closer to the center (small phase encoding gradient). The spins always return to the centre line (i.e. the elastic in our analogy) because you are re-exciting the spins each TR in a spin echo sequence (Bankman, 2008). (Weishaupt, Koechli and Marincek, 2008). Figure shows spin echo pulse diagram, with the sampling of k –space. Reducing the time of the Image For acquiring an image time required is based on the following relation. Tacq = Nacq X Nv X TR Where, Nacq = acquisition number, Ny = Number of steps for phase encoding, and TR= Time period for repetition. Hence in order to reduce time of

Music Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Research

Music Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Research CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å" Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the mind,  flight to the imagination and life to everything† Plato Head injury (Traumatic Brain Injury) is defined as an insult to the brain, not a degenerative or cognitive nature, but caused by an external physical force, that produces a diminished or altered level of consciousness which results in impairment in cognitive abilities or physical functioning. (American Head Injury Foundation, 2012) Traumatic Brain Injury can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Approximately half of severely head injured patients will need surgery to remove or repair hematomas or contusions. Some common disabilities include problems with cognition, sensory processing, communication and problems with behaviour or mental health. (Newman, 2003) Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are the sixth leading cause of death in India with a greater share of hospitalizations, deaths, disabilities and socioeconomic losses in young and middle-age populations. It also place a huge burden on the health sector in terms of pre hospital, acute care and rehabilitation. (WHO, 2012) Almost 10 million head injuries occur annually, about 20 % of which are serious enough to cause brain damage. Among men under 35 years, accidents, usually motor vehicle collisions are the chief cause of death and > 70 % of these involve head injury. Furthermore, minor head injuries are so common that almost all physicians will be called upon to provide immediate care or to see patients who are suffering from various sequels. (Allan H Ropper, 2011) The advancement in medicine and technology has increased the survival rate of patients with head injury and many of them do have various disabilities. When injury is severe or even minor it lead to large number of behavioural and cognitive problems with the physical disability. Each patient represents a unique disabilities which include physical, visual, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities. Sensory Stimulation Programmes are usually started in the Neuro Intensive Care Unit and should be continued in rehabilitation. This may include tactile, olfactory, visual, gustatory and auditory. (Ellen Barkers, 2002) Music is a magical medium and a very powerful tool. Music can delight all the senses and inspire every fiber of being. Its multidimensional nature touches the individual’s physical and psychological levels of consciousness suggested that music exerts its effect through the entertainment of body rhythms. (Wilson Parsons, 2002) Music has been used as a healing force for centuries. Appolo is god of music and of medicine. Aesculapius was said to cure diseases of the mind by using song and music. Aristotle taught that music affects the soul and described music as a force that purified the emotions. Aulus cornelius advocated the sound of cymbals and running water for the treatment of mental disorders. Music therapy goes back to biblical times, when David played the harp to rid King Saul of a bad spirit. In the thirteenth century, Arab hospitals contained music-rooms for the benefit of the patients. Music therapy began in the aftermath of World Wars I and II. Musicians would travel to hospitals, particularly in the United Kingdom and play music for soldiers suffering from war-related emotional and physical trauma. (Lee Mathew, 2000) Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) is the therapeutic application of music to treat cognitive, sensory and motor dysfunctions that come from neurologic impairment. The treatment is based on stimulating music perception and production parts in the human brain. The targeted neurologic disorders like Stroke, Autism, Huntington’s disease, Cerebral palsy, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disease affecting cognition, movement and communication (mild , moderate or severe traumatic brain injury). (Blosser DePompei, 1994) Need for the Study: Everyday men, women and children suffer head injuries. A fall, a car accident, a sports injury – these everyday injuries can range in severity from concussion to coma. Traumatic Brain Injury can be fatal or, in survivors, can produce persistent problems that significantly affect the livelihood and well-being of millions around the globe. Ninety-five percent of trauma victims in India do not receive optimal care during the â€Å"golden hour† period after an injury is sustained, in which health care administration is critical. (Indian Head Injury Foundation, 2010) The annual global incidence rates of traumatic brain injury ranges from 91 per 100,000 populations to 546 per 100,000. The traumatic brain injury constitutes 70–90% of all head injuries, with rates of hospital treatment ranging from 100 to 300 per 100,000 populations per annum. This high variability in incidence is due to sampling of population ranging from only hospitalized patients to all the patients who visit emergency department. A large number of cases are not treated at hospitals; the actual rate is possibly in excess of 600 per 100,000 cases. There is bimodal distribution of brain injury with peaks at age group 15–24 years and after 65 years. (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010) The annual national incidence rates among 28 states of India, the mortality rate per million population due to road traffic accident. A varied from as low as 20 in Nagaland to as high as 216 in Tamil Nadu. States with rapid and high growth in motorization had a higher number of deaths. Nearly half of the total road fatalities were in the 4 states of India, Tamil Nadu (14.5%), Andhra Pradesh (11.4%), Maharashtra (11.1%) and Uttar Pradesh (10.2%). (National Crime Records Bueareau, 2005) A combination of neurological and neuropsychological deficits seems to contribute to residual handicap in patients with head injury. Neurological deficits include motor deficit (55%), ataxia (49%) and anosmia (46 %) along with memory impairment, poor initiativeness and increasing irritability. Among them very least could return to their occupation and occupational and psychological rehabilitation may found to be more effective. (Zebenlozer and Oder, 1998) Over the past few decades major advancements have been made in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury and significant improvements have been made in their care in the pre hospital and emergency department settings. Patients with complex, multisystem trauma are admitted to critical care unit and these patients require complex care. (Lind D Urden, 2010) Rehabilitation is an important part of the recovery process for a traumatic brain injury patient. The patients with brain injury are completely dependent on health care providers to meet all their needs. Rehabilitation should begin as soon as possible after brain injury patient is stable, often with 24-48 hrs after resuscitation. The overall goal of rehabilitation after a traumatic brain injury is to improve the patients ability to function at home and in society. (Davis White, 1995) Music therapy benefits patients across the spectrum, from premature infants in neonatal intensive care units responding to lullabies to swing band numbers in elderly Alzheimer’s patients’ moods and appetites. Involving the primary care givers take care in auditory stimulation program will helps in continuity of care and also helps to reduce cost of care. (German, 2003) Broca’s area is important in processing the sequencing of physical movement and in tracking musical rhythms. It is critical for converting thought into spoken words. Scientists speculate, therefore, that Broca’s area supports the appropriate timing, sequencing, and knowledge of rules that are common and essential to music, speech, and movement. The brain areas involved in music are also active in processing language, auditory perception, attention, memory, executive control, and motor control. Music efficiently accesses and activates these systems and can drive complex patterns of interaction among them. (Michael Thaut Gerald Mclntosh, 2010) Complementary and alternative therapies are now the fastest growing areas of health care. Music therapy is one of the best and cheapest alternative methods. Teaching the care giver about the auditory stimulation helps to promote care and satisfaction to the patient. For many individuals, music is a source of pleasure and therefore more preferable. Hence the researcher believes that the use of auditory stimulation for patients with brain injury provides the rehabilitative as well as physical assistance with most cost effective manner. Statement of the Problem: A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Auditory Stimulation on Motor and Verbal Responses among Patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit with Traumatic Brain Injury at Selected Hospitals, Salem. Objectives: To assess the motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury in experimental group and control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury in experimental group and control group. To associate motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group. Operational Definitions: Effectiveness: Improvement of motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury after implementing auditory stimulation along with routine nursing care as observed by Glasgow Coma Scale Score. Auditory Stimulation: In this study it refers to auditory stimulation in which classical instrumental music therapy is given to patients with traumatic brain injury using I pod for twenty minutes for three times a day. Motor function: In this study it refers to patient actively moving upper extremities or lower extremities as response towards the auditory stimulation with best motor response 6 in G C S score. Verbal response: In this study it refers to ability of the patient to respond orally towards the auditory stimulation with maximum GCS Score of 5. Traumatic brain injury: It refers to injury to the brain resulting from external mechanical force such as violent blow or jolt to the head. In this study it refers to patients diagnosed to have traumatic brain injury with GCS between 8 -12. Assumptions: Sensory stimulation may increase the motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury. Nurses can enroll music therapy as a simple nursing intervention to promote the well being among patients with traumatic brain injury. Hypotheses: H1:There will be a significant difference in the pre test and post test motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury after administering auditory stimulation in experimental group at P ≠¤ 0.05 level. H2:There will be a significant association between pretest scores on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury with their selected demographic variables in experimental group and control group at P ≠¤ 0.05 level. Delimitation: Study period is limited to 4 weeks. Projected Outcome: This study would help the nurses to enlighten their knowledge regarding auditory stimulation. Nurses can utilize music therapy as an integral part of their routine care to the brain injury patients. Conceptual Framework: Conceptual models are made up of concepts which are words describing the mental images of phenomena and proportions which are statements about concepts. It provides a schematic representation of some relationship among phenomenon. Ernestine Wiedenbach, (1964) proposed a prescriptive theory for nursing which is described as conceiving of a desired situation and the ways to attain it. Prescriptive theory directs action towards an explicit goal. The present study is based on the concept of providing auditory stimulation to patients with traumatic brain injury patients. The investigator adopted Wiedenbach’s Helping Nursing Art Theory (1964). This theory, describes the desired situation and way to be attained. It directs action towards the explicit goals. This theory has three factors Central purpose Prescription Reality Central Purpose: It refers to what a nurse wants to accomplish. It is an overall goal towards which a nurse strives. The central purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury Prescription: It refers to the plan of action for the patient. It will specify the nature of the action that will fulfil the nurse’s central purpose. The prescription of this study is providing auditory stimulation to patients with traumatic brain injury . Reality: It refers to the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual factors that come into play in situation involving the nurses. The five realities identified by Widenbach’s are agent, recipient, goal, mean activities frame work. According to this theory, nursing practice consist of 3-steps, which are all guiding the researcher to attain the desired objectives. Step – I Identifying the need for help. Step – II Ministering the needed help. Step – III Validating that the need for help was met. Step-I: This involves determining the need for help. The investigator assesses motor and verbal response among patients with traumatic brain injury by Glasgow Coma Scale score and demographic variables through the structured interview schedule. Step-II: After identification of the patient’s needs ,the researcher facilitate the plan for care and implement it. In this study , the researcher provided auditory stimulation to the experimental group. Wiedenbach theory defines the five realities: Agent: Nurse Investigator. Recipient: Patients with traumatic brain injury. Goal: To determine the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury. Means and activities: Implementation of music therapy. Frame work and facilities : Sri Gokulam Specialty Hospital and Sri Gokulam Hospital Step-III: This is accomplished by means of validation of the prescription. It is done through the pretest and posttest assessment of the motor function and verbal response among patients with traumatic brain injury. If there are no significant changes in the perceived behaviour we need to reconstruct the experience to ascertain step – I II. Not included in study Figure-1.1: Conceptual Frame Work Based on Modified Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1964) on Effectiveness of Auditory Stimulation on Motor and Verbal Responses among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Summary: This chapter dealt with introduction, need for the study, statement of the problem, objectives, operational definitions, assumptions, delimitations, projected outcome and conceptual framework

Women in Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets Essay -- Women Imag

Women in Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets Both Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets were written by women and about women. Authors were able to portray an image of women which differs from the traditional, stereotypical literary image of feeble and delicate creatures who needed to be cared for. Women in these stories were faced with horrible tragedies, but the determining element in their experience was not so much what happened to them but how they took it. After reading first few pages of Management of Grief one may see Shaila as "traditional" Indian woman who due to her upbringing was not even comfortable enough with her own husband: "I was too much the well brought up woman. I was so well brought up I never felt comfortable calling my husband by his first name" (Mukherjee 537). For a person who grew up in North American society this revelation may seem to come from an oppressed female, but later on in the story we learn that protagonist could stand up for herself and for other women, like in the airport incident. There again we were reminded of the way she was brought up: "Once upon a time we were well brought up women; we were dutiful wives who kept our heads veiled, our voices shy and sweet" (543). Only this time the statement is ironic. Shaila's actions show us that she is far from the voiceless, week female she was brought up to be. Shaila was not responsible for her own heredity. She could not control much of her environment ...

Banyan Tree Case Essay

Banyan Tree is founded in 1992 by Ho Kwon Ping.The first Banyan Tree opened in 1994 in Phuket Island.The resorts were designed to blend into the natural environment. Corporate Strategies  K. P. Ho thinks that company should consider the physical and human environment when making business decisions Business Strategies Goals : â€Å"†¦one of the top two or three dominant players in a global space which is very niche but nevertheless very global† K. P. Ho said. Scope : Banyan Tree provides a luxury retreat for guests.The Banyan Tree target market is narrow and affluent. Competitive Advantage : Banyan Tree goes into locations that are not heavily developed and create sustainable resorts. Logic : Banyan Tree intends to expand locate in diverse locations Differentiation : Focus through a differentiation Environmental Analysis Sociocultural Factors Terrorist attacks September 11,2001 and the Bali bombings The SARS outbreak of 2003 Economic and Natural Factors The Asian Financial Crisi of 1997 The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 Porter’s Five Forces Model Customer Buying Power Tends to be moderate Customers are few in number High buying power Few readily avaible Supplier Bargaining Power Tends to be high Due to the unique locations and high quality products Only a limited number of suppliers available to provide these products and services Entry Barriers Tend to be high Large capital requirements and government regulations Substitutes Due to Banyan Tree’s niche market and concept it is important for them to be aware of readily available substitutes Rivalry Among Existing Firms Banyan Tree Competition Aman Resorts Como Hotels Six Senses Hotels One and only Resorts Angsana Competition Four Seasons Shangri-La Hotels Strategic Direction Mission Statement We want to build a globally recognized brand which by inspiring exceptional experiences among our guests,instilling pride and integrity in our associates and enhancing the physical and human environment in which we operate, will deliver attractive returns to our shareholder. Vision Statement To build on its brands, Banyan Tree and Angsana to create a diversified group of niche resorts and hotels in strategic locations throughout the world, which would be complemented by residence and property sales,spa and gallery operations. Organizational Resource Analysis Strengths Well known and reputable brand name Strong brand identity Brand visibility Customer Loyalty Weaknesses Lack of knowledge of target market in global Small talent poot to choose from because properties are in remote locations Organization Resource Analysis Physical Unspoiled,unique locations Outstanding facilities Sustainability Sensitive design Human CEO is a major source of competitive advantage Well trained and motivated employees Corporate Partners such as American Express,Citibank etc. Financial Profits have risen significantly since the 2004 Tsunami High price to cost ratio Strong links to financiers General Organizational Resources Brand and organizational reputation Aspirational brand position Knowledge and Learning Entrepreneurship strategy Diverse culture

Modern Technology and Artificial Intelligence essays

Modern Technology and Artificial Intelligence essays In our society today, advanced technology robots are hardly ever seen in the entertainment market. Robots that can perform tricks like AIBO are far too expensive to be brought out into stores. Lots of people don't even know about advanced technology entertainment robots. Most robots today, are used in either high-risk jobs, like deep-sea exploration, radioactive laboratories, satellites, and they are used in hot, dangerous environments. "Guided missiles and drones are also a class of robots," said Lawrence Kamm, a Consulting Electro-Mechanical Engineer. Robots are also used in monotonous jobs. They are used for manufacturing machines like spot welders, arc welders, and paint sprayers. Robots are automatic electro-mechanical machines. Most robots are not fully automatic because a human is remotely controlling them using a TV or any other device to get feedback from the robot. Some other devices used to send feedback are radio signals, sonar, optical fiber, and sensors. Powerful computers with Artificial Intelligence programs control robots that are fully automatic. Robots are taught to perform repetitive tasks. Intelligent robots incorporate the other disciplines of Artificial Intelligence like a human sensory simulation for touch, sight, and hearing. Our future will have a place for robots. Some radicals believe that robots will eventually take over our planet. "Fifty years, tops until the robots exceed us," says Hans Moravec, director of Carnegie Mellon's Mobile Robot Lab. "When you compare the evolution of mental abilities in animals to similar abilities in machines, robot evolution is going about 10 million times faster." The director of Survival Research Laboratories, Mark Pauline, speculates that the intelligent robots of the future may eradicate most humans. Those two men are perfect examples of radicals. The other groups of people believe that robots will be used to complete out everyday jobs. Every day people are thin...

Information Technology Companies

Information Technology Companies Introduction Information technology is probably the most dynamic sector in any economy. What is new and essential today may not be important the following day. Various new technologies are discovered each and every day. Moreover, due to the dynamic nature of the business environment, requirements of each business entity keep on changing now and again.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, information technology companies are faced by a trick scenario of ensuring that they improve their services as time goes by. If creativity is not part of the vision of an information technology firm, then there is no need of the firm being in business. Customers need to get the latest technology and a firm that is able to come up with new technologies takes all businesses. Consequently, the managerial strategies used in information technology firm are very crucial. Special Requirements of Information Technology Firms The dynamic nature of human needs makes the world of technology to change rapidly. In this regard, information technology companies will have to enhance their skills so as to meet the changing needs. Consequently, innovation is crucial for any company that deals with information technology. To meet this criterion, firms need to find ways of encouraging ingenuity among their employees. For example, though critics argue that Google has been lagging behind in terms of innovation, the fact is that Google comes up with new ideas every so often (Morden, 2007). Self driving cars, Google glass, Google maps, Android just to name but a few are among the most influential innovations by Google which are as a result of employees being encouraged to be creative (Sutherland 2012). It is also important to note that Google comes up with innovations on issues that affect many people in society. Moreover, information technology firms s hould be keen on ensuring that their products can be used on various devices that are commonly used, this include phones and other electronic gadgets. Innovativeness also helps in boosting confidence of consumers thus increasing its market control.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, an information technology firm needs to manifest itself as a market leader in the information technology sector. On the other hand, information technology companies have to invest in other projects that are not among their core business but which are of important value to people. This may include research on alternative sources of energy (Ledel Stoll 2013). Using its innovativeness in various projects that benefit the common person boosts it ranking among people. Different Managerial Styles There are different managerial styles that can be applied by managers. To begin with, there are those managers who dictate what they want to be done in the organization. These types of managers tend to think that they know everything and there is nothing that any person can tell them. If an employee does not do what these managers say they are bound to be in trouble with the manager. To these managers, threat and discipline is the method to ensure that employees agree with them. The manager set rules and expects employees to follow them to the latter (Grembergen, 2004). The method has various disadvantages one of them being that it does not allow employee learning to take place. Moreover, it makes employees feel intimidated. Employees will work only when the manager is around to oversee them, otherwise they will stop working. Nevertheless, it is the most appropriate method during crisis.  Another type of management that is mostly applied is the authoritative strategy. This is managerial strategy where the manager acts as a director while employees complete their tasks indivi dually (Morden, 2007). Managers practicing this type of marketing strategy are likely to use performance evaluation as a means of motivating employees to enhance their output. However, these managers are known to be firm but a little flexible. It is the best managerial system to use when the job in question needs clear guidelines and employees are knowledgeable of their roles (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). Nevertheless if employees are new and they do not know the procedure well, this type of managerial system will most likely lead to losses.  Some managers are known to be highly flexible and allow each member of the team to contribute in any decision that is made. Before a decision is made, all members of the concerned department should agree. Rewards are part of this managerial strategy with good performers being rewarded. It builds a sense of belonging by allowing all employees to make inputs thus motivating them to work hard. Many people like to work in an environment where they ar e treated as part of the organization and not as outsiders (Grembergen, 2004). The benefit of this management style is that it encourages team work.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Technology Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the same note, work cannot stop when a manager is not present since members are used to work on their own. However, in times of crisis this system is not effective. Additionally, it cannot be the best strategy to use in case of implementing a new idea. Another management strategy is the coaching style. Here, the manager works hard to ensure that employees develop their talent areas. The manager aims at discovering the gifts of each employee and maximize on the same (Ledel Stoll, 2013). The management style provides a lot of opportunities for career development which highly motivates employees. On the same note, self development as well as training of employees is allowed under this management strategy. On the other hand, the management style’s success depends on the expertise of the manager and will therefore not work in cases where managers are not well trained. Applicability to Information Technology Firms After discussing the various types of management strategies available, it is high time we discuss which of the strategies is applicable for information technology firms. It has been highlighted that information technology firms require high degree of ingenuity in order to meet the changing human needs. As a result, mechanical management style will not be applicable. Employees need flexible management regulations so that they can feel safe to try any new idea that they come up with. It should be the role of employees to determine the best way to execute their duties (Sutherland, 2012). Arguably, ingenuity is highly dependent on the easiness with which one can execute his or her duties. It is, therefore, clear that democracy is v ital as it regards management in information technology firms. Dictatorial type of management will require that each employee only does what the managers say and this will kill the morale of creativity (Case, 2007). It should be noted that attitude of employees determines their behavior at work and by extension their degree of ingenuity. Another factor that boosts performance in many information technology firms is the way their personnel is recruited and handled. The recruitment is done in a vigorous way that ensures only best talents are brought into the company. While it is a norm in other companies that recruitment is strictly an exercise of top management and other employees, especially junior ones have no role; information technology companies should be different.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each employee should be given an opportunity of evaluating and giving his or her comments regarding a new employee. A system should be in place which allows all employees to comment about any employee that is about to be recruited (Sutherland 2012). As a result, the possibility of getting the best employees is high thus enhancing efficiency of the company. Moreover, it is a well known fact that when employees are allowed to contribute to various issues, their satisfaction is enhanced which enhances their productivity. Employees cannot optimally contribute to an organization if they feel that they are not valued. In this regard, involvement of employees in the process of evaluating a new employee boosts their morale though they are not part of the final interview panel. On the same note, employees working in a relaxed environment enhance their creativity adding to the company’s innovativeness (Stewart, 2013). The fact that all employees are encouraged to be innovative and come up with new ideas enhances their willingness to work for a company thus reducing labor turnover rate. In addition, all employees at the firm should be paid according to their performance. Performance evaluation is supposed to be impartial and just. Justice and equal treatment of all employees should be the slogan. Moreover, extraordinary performance requires equitable reward whether on personal or group basis. In this way the loyalty of employees is enhanced while at the same time their output is increased. Employees are able to access free services which are also of high quality. Leaves and offs should also be very accommodative. On the same note, there should be a lot of other recreational facilities to increase satisfaction of employees (Stewart 2013). This will in the end increase the probability of employees coming up with new ideas and products for their customers. Most of the employees in Information technology firms are in the technical sector. As a matter of fact, technica l people work best when they are only guided and left to carry out the duties on their own. In this regard, a mixture of participative and coaching leadership strategies is the best way of managing the technical staff. However, technical department is not the only department in information technology firms. There are other departments which include the financial departments (Ledel Stoll, 2013). Some of these departments require everything to be done in a particular order and deviation from these will lead to losses to the firm. Managers of these departments need a strict manager who will ensure that all protocols are followed to the latter. Consequently, the leadership style that should be applied in any information technology firms should depend on departmental needs and requirements. Strategic Human Resource Management Any given strategy that is chosen by a firm should take into consideration the effects it may have on the operations of the firm after implementation. In this ligh t, the relationship between the organizational culture and structure is very essential in ensuring that smooth running of the company is not affected whenever a new strategy is introduced (Case, 2007). It should be noted that for the intended strategy to be effectively realized during implementation, the environment in which the firm is operating should be given serious attention. On top, strategies, structure and culture are so much entangled that a change in one requires the others also to be changed so as to avoid friction in the operations of the firms. Consequently, though a strategy is developed at a specific point in time, its implementation goes on continuously to ensure that it catches up with the changes in structure and culture (Morden, 2007). For multinational companies, differences in national culture are very essential and must always be put into consideration whenever any strategy is introduced. However, company structure must be maintained when both culture and strat egy are being addressed in order to ensure that company goals are achieved.  Job satisfaction plays an important role in ensuring that service offered to customers are of high quality. Any firm should therefore ensure that employee satisfaction is achieved through motivation, which is part of its organizational culture (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). This is achieved through special focus on the health and welfare of the employees as well as protection from unexpected life styles after being employed.  Since culture plays an important role in any firm’s activities, any firm should not try to force an organizational structure of one region to another region. As a result, implementation of an organizational structure that is compatible with local cultures is essential. Additionally, firms should employ democratic type of management where employees also give their ideas concerning what should be done besides them being allowed to make some decisions as a team (Grembergen, 2004). T his enables the firm to motivate employees as well as enhancing employee empowerment. On top, this management style enables the implementation of any strategy to be achieved easily since it builds a sense of belonging among the employees besides fostering the organizational culture. To any firm, labor is the most priced input as it actually determines the running of the day-to-day activities of a firm. Firms should invest a great deal on matters affecting its employees and their welfare while they are working with them. Employees’ satisfaction is paramount. Consequently, everything should be done to ensure that the employees are comfortable (Stewart, 2013) Employees will be willing to work in a firm where they feel that their needs are given serious attention and they will want to stay longer in these firms. Once employees have been hired into a firm, a relationship is established whereby the hierarchy of needs satisfaction is the guide. Employees should be built and groomed continuously through inside trainings and other workshops. On top of that employees also need to be given incentives like rewards and benefits to improve their attitude towards their responsibilities therefore increasing their probability of stay with an organization (Sutherland, 2012). Arguably, promotions should be given depending on the performance of a person and other more measurable factors, which makes the process open and transparent. This not only motivates employees to deliver to their maximum, but also satisfies them that their efforts will not go to waste thus encouraging them to continue working for the company. Health of employees should be paramount to management, as well as the change in lifestyle due to joining the workforce of the organization. Moreover, besides employees having to individually strive to attain their laid down goals, they should be encouraged to work as a team for better results (Morden, 2007). Their suggestions to the management about what they fe el should be done should be taken into consideration whenever decisions are made. This helps in creating a sense of belonging among the employees which is an important factor in retaining employee. Every human resource manager wants to have people who can help the company to move forward. Big companies especially multinational firms face a lot of challenges when it comes to recruitment and selection. In some countries, strict adherence to company values is paramount. However, in other countries, professional qualification is crucial (Case, 2007). Human resource managers have also to change their age requirements depending on the country they are operating given that different cultures give emphasis to different age sets.  Employees need to be continuously trained so that they can develop their skills and improve their performance. It is the initiative of human resource managers to determine who will go for training and when. While some people will be comfortable with mechanical tr aining schedules where management has the final say on who will be trained, others like to be trained on their own initiative. Consequently, human resource managers are usually faced with the challenge of determining which procedure to use (Stewart, 2013). It is important to note that the problem is complicated by the fact that people from different cultural backgrounds work in the same branch yet they demand different treatment. Most importantly, human resource management is about managing people in a given institutional setting. However, geographical dispersion means that people from different cultural and religious backgrounds are employed in the same organization (Lendel Stoll, 2013). In addition, these people usually have different moral and ethical behaviors. Human resource managers are expected to treat all employees without discrimination while at the same time religious and cultural backgrounds should be given consideration. Managing these people is a daunting task for man agers of both international and local firms. Emerging Issues Information technology is changing very first and a firm cannot afford to be static. As a result, many firms are doing all they can to ensure that they develop new products before the others. However, the problem is that nowadays technological leaking is very high. If a firm does not guard its technology properly, the information will leak to the competitor who will produce the product very fast. On the same note, globalization has led to increased demands for information technology. Products that were anciently designed for one region only are now used in the globe. In this regard, employees are coming from different cultural backgrounds (Chew Gottschalk, 2009). Managers are expected to guide all these employees to enhance their creativity while at the same time respecting their cultural background. Similarly, expectations of people are changing each and every day. It is, therefore, tricky for managers for they have to e nsure new products are produced each day. If a firm is not able to come up with products to meet consumers’ needs, the blame is placed on managers. Conclusion Management strategies determine to a larger extent the success of any firm. Therefore, each firm should ensure that the management strategy that is being used is acceptable by everybody in the firm. For the case of information technology firms, they have different requirements for each department. Technical departments which are arguably the most vital department require democratic managerial strategy. It, therefore, goes without saying that participative managerial style is the most effective for the technical team. As a result having one managerial style for the whole firm will not work. Each department should have a managerial strategy as per the needs of the department. References Case, G. (2007). Service Management Strategies That Work: Guidance for Executives. Hogeweg: Van Haren Publishing. Chew, E. K. Gottschalk , P. (2009). Information Technology Strategy and Management: Best Practices. Hershey: IGI Global. Grembergen, W. V. (2004). Strategies for Information Technology Governance. Hershey: Idea Group Inc. Ledel, J. Stoll, J. (2013). Spotify CEO: eating Google’s lunch and loving it. The Wall Street Journal, 43(2), B7. Morden, T. (2007). Principles of Strategic Management. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. Stewart, J. B. (2013, March 15). Looking for a lesson in Google’s perks. The new York Times. Web. Sutherland, A. (2012). The story of Google. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.